栏目导航
- Preliminary Study on the Effect of 2+X Fertilizer on Momordica charantia in Haikou
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作者：陈 胜
出版日期：2020-01-01
来源：关键词：Optimum N Application 产量 Optimized Fertilization 最佳施氮量 苦瓜 Momordica charantia Yield “2+X”田间试验 “2+X” Field Test 优化施肥
- 描述：In order to determine the best fertilization amount and fertilization formula of Momordica charantia in Haikou city, the “2+X” field experiment of fertilization effect was carried out on the laterite soil of Dongshan Town, Haikou City in 2019. The results showed that the yield increase effect was obvious and the yield increase rate up to 12.7%. The yield of the optimized fertilization area was 1628.8 kg/667m2, which was 183.3 kg/667m2 higher than that of the conventional fertilization area. The order of the yield from high to low was optimized fertilization area > conventional fertilization area > 130% optimized nitrogen area > 70% optimized nitrogen area > no nitrogen area. The quadratic equation of nitrogen application rate and yield was established by Excel. The optimal N application rate was 15.91 kg/667m2, and the best economic yield was 1532.28 kg/667m2. The results showed that the optimized fertilization scheme was feasible in summer cultivation of M. charantia.
- PBAT/PLA可降解地膜老化性能研究
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作者：范少华
出版日期：2020-01-01
来源：关键词：田间降解实验 紫外加速老化实验 地膜 可降解地膜
- 描述：高分子型可降解地膜因具有优异的降解性、优良的机械性能和加工性能而日益成为传统地膜的替代品。为加速可降解地膜在实际农业生产中的推广使用,解决应用中出现的老化、提前开裂等问题,亟需对高分子型可降解材料的老化性能进行研究。本论文采用田间实验和室内加速老化实验,研究在紫外光照、温度、湿度影响之下分子结构和性能变化规律,建立通过实验室加速老化实验预测田间地膜使用寿命的方法。1、恒温恒湿实验（THD）:将10片样膜放置在恒温恒湿箱中,设置条件为无光条件下60℃恒温8小时,后在50℃温度和90%湿度的无光环境下恒温恒湿4小时,每日9点取样1片;紫外加速老化实验（UVD）:将20片样膜放置在紫外老化箱中,设置条件为60℃下紫外光照8小时,后在50℃的黑暗环境下凝露4小时,每日9点取样2片;田间降解实验（CED）:将PBAT/PLA地膜铺设在实验蒜田,提供大蒜生长所需的充足水分和肥料,每月18日进行取样。三个实验所取得的样品经清洗晾干等处理后进行结构与性能测试。2、恒温恒湿实验（THD）分析结果显示:索氏提取交联度测试表明交联度为0;热重测试（TG）中,T10%从原始膜的358.1℃仅降低至10天时的352.6℃;DSC测试中,Tm-PBAT变化范围为114.2℃-112.1℃;机械性能拉伸测试中,断裂伸长率（EB）和拉伸强度（TS）两项指标参数的变化趋势为800%-750%,35 MPa-32 MPa;光学性能中透光率数据仅下降0.5%。THD实验表明温度和湿度未引起PBAT交联和断链,短期内未对PBAT/PLA膜的老化性能产生显著影响。紫外加速老化实验（UVD）分析结果显示:交联度数据由0%持续增加至46%;热重测试（TG）中,T10%由358.1℃持续降低至10天时的322.1℃;DSC测试中,Tm-PBAT变化范围为114.2℃-97.5℃;GPC测试中,多分散指数PDI持续增长范围为2.06-2.84。UVD实验表明在紫外光照环境下,PBAT/PLA地膜在老化初期发生PBAT交联,后期阶段由于进一步断链和PBAT交联结构的断裂,最终导致晶区结构被破坏,致使可降解地膜脆化失效。3、田间降解实验（CED）与紫外加速老化实验（UVD）数据对比显示:GPC测试中,PBAT/PLA膜在UVD中10天的PDI与CED中4个月PDI数值非常接近（2.84-2.82）;SEM测试中,微观照片观察到UVD10天和CED4个月的样品横截面上都出现许多比较大的腐蚀孔洞;机械性能拉伸测试发现,UVD实验10天和CED实验4个月后样品的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度都有非常明显的对应性（128%-131%;7.63 MPa-8.16 MPa）;光学性能中,UVD实验10天和CED实验4个月后,样品透光率和雾度数据达到大致相同的程度（85.3%;48.5%）;偏光显微镜（POM）中,结晶形态变化照片也体现这种对应性。实验结果表明室内紫外加速老化实验10天后,PBAT/PLA可降解地膜结构、形貌和主要性能的变化情况,可以体现室外田间栽培环境下4个月的真实老化情况。由此建立通过实验室内加速实验来预测田间实验中PBAT/PLA地膜使用寿命的方法。
- Pathogens Identification and Control of Edible Roses Leaf Spot Diseases in Guizhou
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作者：莫维弟
出版日期：2022-01-01
来源：关键词：炭疽病 Field Control 药剂筛选 Leaf Black Spot Edible Roses 黑斑病 田间防治 Fungicide Screening Anthracnose 食用玫瑰 生物防治 Biological Control
- 描述：In order to identify the pathogenicspecies of edible roses leaf spot diseases in Guizhou Botanical Garden andHuishui County, Guizhou Province, China, the samples of leaf spot diseases werecollected. By using single spore isolation method and pathogenicitydetermination, combined with morphological analysis combined with ITS, GADPH, ACT, CHS-1 gens, the taxonomic statusof its pathogenic bacteria was determined. On this basis, through platedilution and plate confrontation method, combined with physiological andbiochemical experiments and 16SrRNA and gyrA gens, screening and identification ofantagonistic bacteria on edible rose, then combined with the mycelial growthrate method to screen the chemical agents with better control effect on roseleaf spot, commercial microbial preparation Lvkangwei, Myclobutanil 12% EC + Dithane65% WP, Oxadixyl mancozeb 64% WP and GUHS97 were used for field control effectexperiments. The results showed that: 1) The pathogen causing leaf black spotwas confirmed to be Marssinina rosae, and the pathogen causinganthracnose was confirmed to be Colletotrichum boninense; 2) In thisstudy, a strain GUHS97 was screened from the healthy rose leaves in the heavilyinfected field and was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens; 3)Indoor toxicity test showed that 9 fungicides had a certain inhibitory effecton C. boninense. Theinhibition effects of zhongshengmycin 3% WP, difenoconazole 10% WDG,pyraclostrobin 25% SC and metalaxyl∙fludioxonil 62.5% SC were higher with theEC50 values of 0.8440 mg∙L−1、1.3854 mg∙L−1、1.8667 mg∙L−1 and 3.5945 mg∙L−1,respectively, followed by ningnanmycin 8% AS and bromothalonil 25% EC, with theEC50 values of 18.9624 mg∙L−1 and 25.4813 mg∙L−1,respectively. Pyraclostrobin 25% SC and bromothalonil 25% EC at the mixtureratio of 1:7, 1:8 and 1:10 showed obvious synergistic effect; 4) Furthermore,GUHS97 exhibited 59.12% control over leaf spot in field experiments and wasmore effective than other treatments including fungicide application. Overall,these results provide a scientific basis for the identification of edible roseleaf diseases and their control.
- PAM对细粒盐渍土基本物理性质的影响规律研究
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作者：蒲建国
出版日期：2021-01-01
来源：关键词：田间持水量 细粒盐渍土 饱和含水量 孔隙度 土壤容重 基本物理性质 PAM
- 描述：我国盐渍化土壤所占的面积非常大,为了更好地研究PMA对细粒盐渍土基本物理性质的影响规模,文章将非盐渍化、轻度盐渍化、中度盐渍化、重度盐渍化四种土壤作为测试对象,进而分析PAM对土壤容重、孔隙度、饱和含水量、田间持水量的影响。通过研究得出结论,当施加的PAM浓度不断增加时,土壤的容重、孔隙度、饱和含水量、田间持水量效果都得到了不同程度的改善。
- Oro Agri在荷兰推出杀虫/杀螨剂Oroganic
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作者：
出版日期：2020-01-01
来源：关键词：靶标害虫 田间作物 抗性风险 粉虱 有益昆虫 杀螨剂 害螨 生物防治
- 描述：2020年初Oro Agri在荷兰推出了新的杀虫/杀螨剂Oroganic。此产品含有天然橙油活性成分,已被荷兰批准登记,用于温室中番茄、甜椒、辣椒、葫芦科(例如黄瓜)和观赏植物(例如切花),防治叶螨、粉虱、蓟马、蚜虫和粉介。目前正在进行进一步的用途研究、登记和标签扩展,可用作防治灰霉病、白粉病和霜霉病的杀菌剂,用于室内和田间作物。Oroganic能迅速、有力地击倒靶标害虫和害螨,对有益昆虫和螨的影响低,无残留,没有获前使用间隔期的限制,可用于生物防治,是理想的综合害物管理(IPM)方法。Oroganic的物理作用机制为降低害物对活性成分的抗性风险,故可频繁施用;甚至可用于解决害物对喷雾或桶混制剂中其他活性成分的抗性。Oroganic是安全、环境友好型产品,是优异的防治措施。Oroganic含有的一种成分是助剂,故其也是许多其他植物保护产品桶混的优异配伍组分。
- Optimization of inhibition conditions of Trichoderma atroviride T2 fermentation liquid protein extract TraT2A and its field control efficacy for lily leaf spot disease.
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作者：ZY Bian
出版日期：2022-01-01
来源：关键词：田间防效 Trichoderma atroviride T2 strain inhibition activity 百合叶斑病菌 field control efficacy TraT2A 深绿木霉 T2 菌株 fermentation protein extract Alternaria alternata 抑菌活性 发酵液蛋白提取物
- 描述：In order to improve the inhibition activity and light stability of the protein extract TraT2A from the fermentation broth of Trichoderma atroviride T2 strain, the ultraviolet protective agents (ascorbic acid, humic acid) and the auxiliary agent (IE-08, SP-4821A and SP-4821B) were screened, the inhibition condition of TraT2A for Alternaria alternata were optimized through the colony growth rate test, and the field control efficacy on lily leaf spot disease was determined. The results showed that TraT2A had a good inhibitory effect on A.alternata at 200.00 mg/mL and the inhibitory rate was 72.12%. With the prolongation of the UV illumination time, the inhibition activity of TraT2A gradually decreases. The addition of 5.00 mg/mL humic acid had an excellent UV protection effect on TraT2A and its inhibition rate (69.01%) increased by 39.64% compared with that without a UV protection agent (29.37%). The addition of 0.17 mg/mL adjuvant of SP-4821A increased the inhibition activity of TraT2A most significantly and the inhibition rate (95.13%) increased by 25.97% compared with the TraT2A control (69.16%). According to the optimized formula, 200 g TraT2A (the mass concentration was 200.00 mg/mL), 5 g humic acid (the mass concentration was 5.00 mg/mL), 0.17 g SP-4821A (the mass concentration was 0.17 mg/mL) and 794.83 mL sterilized water was mixed and the field control efficacy of the mixture was tested on lily leaf spot disease, the result showed that its field control efficacy was 80.37%. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the further development of TraT2A preparations for the control of lily diseases.
- Optimization of field cleaning parameters of soybean combine harvester.
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作者：暂无
出版日期：2020-01-01
来源：关键词：soybean harvest multi parameter adjustable and measurable cleaning system 多参数可调可测式清选系统 cleaning index 清选指标 harvester 影响规律 field test 田间试验 influence rule optimization 收获机 优化 清选参数 大豆机收 cleaning parameters
- 描述：At present, there are few studies on the influence of the cleaning parameters of soybean harvester on the cleaning indexes in China. In order to change the current situation of soybean combine harvester, due to the lack of theoretical guidance for the parameter adjustment of the corresponding cleaning device, the cleaning parameter adjustment is not timely and accurate, resulting in high loss rate and high impurity content of soybean harvester. In this study, the multi parameter adjustable and measurable cleaning system was used to optimize the cleaning parameters of soybean harvester in field test. The influence rules of the five cleaning parameters on the two cleaning indexes were analyzed, and the best cleaning parameter combination was found. The field verification test of the best cleaning parameter combination of soybean harvester was completed. Based on the analysis of the structure of cleaning system and the principle of cleaning operation of soybean harvester, the importance of the operating parameters and operating speed of cleaning device to the cleaning indexes of soybean combine harvester was obtained. The operation speed, opening of chaffer screen, damper opening, fan speed and crank speed of shale shaker were used to optimize the five cleaning parameters in field experiments. Cleaning loss rate and impurity rate were used to optimize the two cleaning indexes of field experiments. Through the analysis of the influence of cleaning device on the indexes of soybean combine harvester, the cleaning loss rate and impurity rate were determined as cleaning indexes, and in the field experiment, the cleaning loss of samples were collected in the form of binding cleaning loss receiving bag at the back of cleaning room to optimize the parameters of cleaning loss in the field experiment. Response surface test design and data analysis are completed by using design expert software. The contribution rate and response effect of each parameter on the two cleaning indexes were analyzed by the contribution rate method and response surface diagram. The results showed that the order of influence of cleaning parameters on cleaning loss rate was crank speed of shale shaker, fan speed, operation speed, damper opening, opening of chaffer screen. The order of influence of cleaning parameters on the impurity rate was opening of chaffer screen, damper opening, fan speed, operation speed, crank speed of shale shaker; The results showed that when the cleaning loss rate was small and the impurity rate was small and the feeding amount was large, the optimal cleaning parameters were operation speed was 6 km/h, opening of chaffer screen was 32 mm, damper opening was 17°, fan speed was 1 310 r/min and crank speed of shale shaker was 410 r/min. At this time, the cleaning loss rate was 0.25%, the impurity rate was 0.61%, and the relative error with the optimized value of the model was 0.250% and 0.113%, respectively. Compared with the cleaning indexes of the field experiment of soybean combine harvester under the common cleaning parameters, the cleaning loss rate was reduced by 0.05%, and the impurity rate was reduced by 2.09%. The results provide a theoretical basis for the setting and adjustment of cleaning parameters and the research and development of self-adaptive cleaning system.
- Nichino America除草剂CrazeTM（嘧苯胺磺隆）在加州获登，用于葡萄、坚果类作物等
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作者：
出版日期：2021-01-01
来源：关键词：杉叶藻 支链氨基酸 田间试验 宝盖草 禾本科杂草 除草剂抗性 嘧苯胺磺隆 坚果类
- 描述：Nichino America公司除草剂CrazeTM现已在加利福尼亚获登,可用于葡萄、坚果类作物等。Craze含有活性成分嘧苯胺磺隆,被HRAC（除草剂抗性行动委员会）归入Group 2除草剂,它通过抑制植物乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）来阻断缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸等支链氨基酸的生物合成,从而导致植物死亡。Craze能够在苗前长效防控坚果和藤本植物中的杂草,包括四川锦葵、宝盖草（henbit）、藜、杉叶藻（marestail）等。Craze还能在苗前抑制难除的禾本科杂草和莎草香附子,对靶标杂草也具有苗后除草活性。田间试验表明,与其他ALS除草剂相比,Craze对阔叶杂草具与之有相同或更好的药效。另外,Craze能够防控对苗后除草剂具有抗性或耐受性的阔叶杂草。Nichino America产品经理Cathy Fleming-Wimer提到,Craze的优势在于它对飞蓬和杉叶藻的除草活性。这一重要优势连同它对其他易感杂草的广谱除草活性使其成为种植者在苗前喷洒程序中绝佳的除草剂选择。
- N-（4-氟苄基）-6-甲基吡啶酰胺除草活性及其应用技术研究
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作者：黄迪
出版日期：2022-01-01
来源：关键词：田间试验 甲基吡啶酰胺 抗性风险评价 除草活性 6 消解动态
- 描述：八氢番茄红素脱氢酶（PDS）和ζ-胡萝卜素脱氢酶（ZDS）是类胡萝卜素生物合成途径中的关键酶,其活性受到抑制可导致类胡萝卜素的生物合成受阻,植物出现白化现象,并最终死亡。N-（4-氟苄基）-6-甲基吡啶酰胺（编号:ZI-22）是本课题组通过随机合成筛选出的一个作用于PDS和ZDS的6-甲基吡啶酰胺类专利化合物,具有较好的除草活性和进一步开发利用的潜力。本论文研究了ZI-22的室内除草活性及混配增效、防治玉米田杂草田间药效试验、在土壤中的残留消解动态及抗性风险评价等内容,为其商品化开发和应用技术上提供必要的理论依据。ZI-22室内除草活性及混配增效研究。采用盆栽法,以马齿苋、马唐、牛筋草、苘麻、稗草、狗尾草为供试杂草,ZI-22为供试药剂,进行茎叶喷雾处理。结果显示ZI-22对阔叶杂草的活性要优于禾本科杂草,最敏感的是马齿苋,其ED50值为59.50 g a.i./hm~2;ZI-22与氨唑草酮按照1:9的比例混配后,混剂对禾本科杂草稗草、狗尾草、马唐、牛筋草的除草活性均具有明显的增效作用,同时对玉米表现出较好的安全性。ZI-22与氨唑草酮混用苗后茎叶喷雾防治玉米田杂草的药效试验。结果表明:ZI-22与氨唑草酮混用后对玉米田常见杂草表现出良好的除草活性,能够防治玉米田绝大多数杂草,当混剂施用量为150 g a.i./hm~2时,药后30 d的杂草鲜重防效为85.59%,可作为推荐剂量使用。ZI-22和氨唑草酮在玉米田间土壤中的淋溶性及残留消解动态研究。以关中黄土为试验材料进行了ZI-22和氨唑草酮的土壤淋溶性试验,结果表明:ZI-22较难淋溶,在田间条件下的半衰期为6.51 d,易降解,对环境和后茬作物较为安全;氨唑草酮易淋溶,但在田间条件下的半衰期为3.12 d,易降解,对环境和后茬作物也较为安全。ZI-22抗性风险评价。以莱茵衣藻为实验材料,用ZI-22和PDS抑制剂吡氟酰草胺驯化莱茵衣藻,经累代培养,最终得到抗性莱茵衣藻。结果表明:药剂驯化48代后,抗性莱茵衣藻对吡氟酰草胺和ZI-22的抗性倍数分别为3873倍和34.83倍,说明ZI-22的抗性风险极低。通过抗ZI-22及抗吡氟酰草胺莱茵衣藻交互抗性测定,结果表明抗ZI-22莱茵衣藻对吡氟酰草胺也同样具有极高的抗性,而抗吡氟酰草胺莱茵衣藻对ZI-22的抗性倍数为4.5倍,表明ZI-22与PDS抑制剂具有一定的交互抗性。通过本论文的研究,可知ZI-22在应用技术上具有以下特点:在玉米3-5叶期施药,ZI-22与氨唑草酮混剂推荐剂量为150 g a.i./hm~2;混剂在田间土壤中残留期短,可以进行二次施药,不会对后茬作物造成危害;ZI-22抗性风险低,可高频次使用,但与PDS除草剂存在一定的交互抗性,应避免长期与PDS除草剂交替使用。
